General News and Media Monitoring: May 2011

Friday 27 May 2011

Thursday 26 May 2011

Not Yet Rain - A Lisa Russell film in association with Ipas.

Yemen: More Clashes

BBC News - US withdraws diplomats from Yemen amid clashes

Thursday 19 May 2011

Uganda Elects first Woman Speaker of the House of Parliament

Uganda law makers on Thursday elected Ms Rebbeca Alitwala Kadaga as Speaker for the 9th parliament. Kadaga, who had been fronted by the NRM party for the seat, won by 302 votes. Her closest rival for the speaker seat, 8th Parliament Public Accounts Committee Chairman and MP for Budadiri West Nandala Mafabi managed to garner 57 votes.

Ms Kadaga also served as Deputy Speaker in the 6th, 7th, and 8th parliament.

During the vote counting for the seat of Speaker, two votes were declared invalid. One of the invalid votes was in favour of 8th Parliament speaker Edward Ssekandi who opted not to stand for the post again. The other invalid vote was cast for MP Jacob Oulanyah.

Tuesday 17 May 2011

ICC to investigate institutionalized gang-rape of women in Libya

By the CNN Wire Staff

May 17, 2011 -- Updated 1759 GMT (0159 HKT)

The Hague, Netherlands (CNN) -- Security forces in Libya are allegedly using sexual enhancement drugs as a "machete" and gang-raping women they stop at checkpoints, the chief prosecutor of the International Criminal Court has said.

Luis Moreno-Ocampo told CNN Monday that the court in The Hague will investigate allegations of institutionalized rape in the war-torn country.

"There are rapes. The issue is who organized them," Luis Moreno-Ocampo told CNN's Nic Robertson. "They were committed in some police barracks. Were the policemen prosecuted? What happened?" he asked.

Moreno-Ocampo said the criminal court has information about women who were stopped at checkpoints and, because they were carrying the flag of the rebels, were taken by police and gang raped.

He also said there were reports of the use of male sexual enhancement drugs, which he called a "tool of massive rape."

"There's some information with Viagra. So, it's like a machete," he said. "It's new. Viagra is a tool of massive rape.

"So we are investigating. We are not ready to present the case yet, but I hope in the coming month, we'll add charges or review the charges for rapes."

In late April, various media organizations -- including Foreign Policy magazine -- reported that Susan Rice, the U.S. ambassador to the United Nations, told a closed-door U.N. Security Council hearing that Libyan leader Moammar Gadhafi has been distributing Viagra pills to his troops "so they go out and rape."

The magazine, which attributed the information to a U.N. diplomat in the room, said Rice did not offer any evidence to support her claim.

Pfizer, the maker of the drug, could not be reached early Tuesday morning for comment.

It was also not clear whether Moreno-Ocampo used the term "Viagra" as a catch-all for male sexual enhancement drugs in general.

Perhaps the best-known alleged rape case in Libya is that of Eman al-Obeidy.

Al-Obeidy received worldwide attention on March 26, when she burst into the Rixos Hotel in Tripoli while journalists staying there were having breakfast.

She told reporters she had been taken from a checkpoint east of Tripoli and held against her will for two days while beaten and raped by 15 men loyal to Gadhafi.

Interviews with Eman al-Obeidy

While notable for the international attention it received, al-Obeidy's case may not be an exception.

Moreno-Ocampo did not say how many women might have been raped in Libya since the start of the civil war.

"The shooting is in the public space. The arresting people is so massive, so pervasive," said Moreno-Ocampo. "(But) what happens inside the barracks with women is more difficult to know."

Also Monday, the ICC sought the arrest of Gadhafi and two relatives, linking them to "widespread and systematic" attacks on civilians as they struggle to hold power in Libya.

Can conflict minerals really be controlled?

By James Melik

The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform Actsigned by President Obama in August 2010 will have implications beyond the canyons of Manhattan and the wider US.

This law is not just about making America's financial systems safer - it stretches thousands of kilometres to the Democratic Republic of Congo.

Coming into effect on 1 April, it forces any manufacturer subject to US regulation to report on how it sources its so-called conflict minerals - such as cassiserite, coltan and wolfranite, which are mined in the DRC and widely used in mobile phones and laptops.

But how prepared are these countries to comply with the US ruling, and how easy will it be for US companies to trace the ultimate source of the minerals they buy?

Dubious links

Some of the proceeds from these rare minerals have been used to fund conflicts in the region, creating some of the worst humanitarian crises on record.

Some of the profit goes to the foreign companies that buy the minerals, which are then exported to places like Rwanda and South Africa.

Some of the money goes to Congolese export houses, and some of the money goes to the rebel groups who tend to press gang civilians into doing the mining for them.

DRC is a poor country, but many people have become very rich.

One basket, which a person can carry on their head, can contain minerals worth several thousand dollars.

It can be flown by plane, yet people can still make a profit from it.

Getting prepared

Paul Mabolia Yenga, a special adviser to the Ministry of Mines, and co-ordinator of the Kimberley process in the DRC, says the country is working very hard on this problem.

"On a local basis, we have agreements with the German Bureau of Geoscience on certification and transparency mechanisms," he says.

"We also have an agreement with organisations in the European Union, so all these agreements are part of an effort to have better traceability of our materials," he adds.

He emphasises that the DRC is a sovereign entity and it is doing everything it can to control the material going out of the DRC through the ministry of mines and the different services.

Daunting task

By some measurements as much as 80% of the minerals in Congo may be smuggled out, but Mr Yenga does not think those numbers are accurate.

"There is material going out, but the numbers are exaggerated," he insists.

Reflecting on the problems with diamonds, before the Kimberley Process came into force, he says there was a problem with neighbouring Congo Brazzaville.

"We all had our rules but people just put diamonds in their pocket and disappeared," he says.

"But when we had the international Kimberley Process, Congo Brazzaville was obliged to have some control. We are now trying to do the same with minerals."

He maintains that DRC is creating a data base with all the statistics for production and exports, to enable any anomalies to be tracked.

"We are also creating a mechanism for whistle-blowing to alert us to any improprieties," he adds.

Concerted efforts

The SEC rules mean that US companies will have to look very closely where their minerals are coming from, so there is a chance that DRC will lose business.

The mining industry in the DRC will suffer, because the US companies cannot say with total assurance that what they are receiving is legitimate.

"Our worry is that it is becoming a burden to the people of the US to buy the material out of Congo, because too many papers are going to get involved," Mr Yenga bemoans.

According to Rick Goss, of the Information Technology Industry Council (ITIC), whose members include Apple, Dell, Hewlett Packard, Nokia and Sony, the hi-tech industry has taken the lead on this issue.

"We have pioneered these concrete supply chain processes. There are other sectors of the US industry which are not as well prepared to deal with this requirement as the hi-tech sector is," he maintains.

"This is not an issue that the private sector can resolve on its own," he says.

"It is going to require the concerted effort and attention of international governments, and organisations such as the United Nations, to bring a lasting solution," he says.

"What we have is a humanitarian and political crisis in the Congo and it will take an international co-ordinated effort to address those underlying concerns," he says.

"It is clear from the illegal taxation, from the corrupt activities, that some of the mineral sourcing in the region is indeed being diverted to help fund some of the rebel activities and that is something our industry takes very seriously," he notes.

"Our primary commitment in this effort is to source legitimately and responsibly," he adds.

Will is work?

Can the new rules make it watertight?

"There will not be a bulletproof solution," he says.

There is no combination of private sector and public sector efforts which can lead to that conclusion, according to Mr Goss.

He says it will be impossible to make sure that not one single illicit shipment entered the supply chain.

"It is too complicated in terms of corruption - illegal taxation - to absolutely guarantee that an illegal shipment did not enter the supply chain, regardless of all private and public sector efforts," he warns.

The minerals could go elsewhere. Asian smelters are sourcing from any number of countries.

Are countries ready?

Rwanda has indicated that is it not ready to meet the deadline.

Analysts say Rwanda has the most transparent political system, but it borders the east of Congo, where a lot of the minerals are sourced.

This legislation was passed in July and they simply have not had enough time, according to the mining ministry.

The ministry has indicated that it is worried about losing income - about 30% of Rwanda's income comes from mining.

Smelters who melt down the minerals and then sell them to Apple or Microsoft are worried they will not be buying from them if they cannot produce a certificate saying their minerals are conflict free.

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) may be a convenient and low-cost means for rapidly determining a mineral's geographic origin.

The LIBS plasma emission spectrum provides a "chemical fingerprint" of any material in real-time.

Rwanda is faced with a catch-22 situation.

The country needs money to purchase the equipment which will make the system work, yet US companies may boycott minerals from the area because they cannot yet meet the necessary requirements.

There's Not an App for That

The United Nations' agency for ICTs, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), marks today, 17 May, asWorld Telecommunication and Information Society Day (WTISD). The purpose of the day is to “help raise awareness of the possibilities that the use of the Internet and other information and communication technologies (ICTs) can bring to societies and economies, as well as of ways to bridge the digital divide”. This year the theme of the day is “Better life in rural communities with ICTs”.

It is a vital - if optimistic - theme. Over three quarters of the world's poor live in rural areas. They lack economic opportunities, have difficulty accessing basic services, have a limited voice in governance and remain extremely vulnerable to shocks. In Sub-Saharan Africa they account for 67% of the total population and rural poverty in this region is deepening. Rural areas in South Africa share similar characteristics. (IFAD Rural Poverty Report 2011 - www.ifad.org/rpr2011)

But the extent to which information communication technologies (ICTs) have the ability to improve the lives of the rural poor is debatable. There is no doubt that the use of ICTs among poor people is growing rapidly. Coverage reaches further than roads, electricity, sanitation and clean water. ICTs - and in particular mobile technology - provide access to information and communication, complement successful development initiatives, drive innovation, and empower communities and individuals to co-create new solutions.

On the other side, however, is an understandable reaction to the inevitable hype. Competitions and challenges have created a slightly unrealistic environment - at once hypercompetitive and unsustainable - perhaps a case of the ICT4D sector mirroring the commercial tech bubble?

Maybe. But there are some exciting and effective ICT4D projects. And it is not atypical of deeply innovative phases for there to be a flurry of projects, prototypes, pilots – and the non-profit equivalent of exuberant venture capital – inflows of grants to the field of ICT4D. And maybe it takes a crowded podium/appstore/innovation lab, etc. to separate (and the agricultural analogy is deliberate) the wheat from the chaff. And perhaps one of the most exciting aspects is that much of the hype - the events, the formation of app labs, techno-hubs, living labs and the solutions themselves - is happening in the countries and regions most affected by rural poverty. In India, here in South Africa, and even more so just up the road in Nairobi where “technology” and “technology for development” don't sound like completely different fields.

Larger-scale successful uses of ICTs in rural development include improved access to markets, financial services and employment; increased access to education and healthcare; improvement in emergency and disaster relief; and improvement in transparency and public participation through the use of mobile phones in citizen journalism.

And it is easy to throw around the names of projects and products that have made the field seem so exciting and full of potential - m-Pesa, Ushahidi, e-seva, eSoko - or the nascent projects just starting to bubble to visibility like Jamiix.com

But how can we try and measure the value and impact of these tools in support of rural development, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa?

Well, as we celebrate WTISD today, with the emphasis on “Better life in rural communities with ICTs”, SANGONeT is pleased to announce that its 7th annual conference will focus on Information Communication Technologies for Rural Development (ICT4RD) with a theme titled, “Rural Realities, Real Solutions.”

The conference will be held from the 1-3 November 2011 at the Wanderers Club in Johannesburg, South Africa.

Amongst other things, the conference agenda will include a critical review of three keywords that are constantly thrown around in conference presentations and grant applications - scale, sustainability and replication. What is the status of exiting projects? Why are so many ICT4D/ICT4RD projects stuck in pilots? What are the secrets of those projects and products that have broken free and are successfully scaling and replicating? Is there a “development innovation curve where we can map successful methods and projects?

The conference will bring together more than 250 key innovators, implementers, social entrepreneurs and thinkers from across the developing world to explore how ICT innovations can benefit rural populations in Sub-Saharan Africa. It will assess the current state of ICT4RD projects, products and policies; create an environment for matchmaking and deep knowledge-sharing; and contribute to the successful use of ICTs in response to the realities of rural development.

The real success requirements of many ICT4RD projects depend less on great software development and more on good research, effective local capacity, influence, great networks and relationships - the types of things a good NGO does well and has done well through many developmental, technological and methodological phases.

And there's not an app for that.

Click here for more information about the 2011 SANGONeT Conference or assist us in shaping the conference agenda by sharing your views and comments on Facebook, on Twitter, or by replying to ict4rd@ngopulse.org.

Matthew de Gale manages SANGONeT’s “Mobile Services for African Agriculture” programme.

David Barnard is the Executive Director of SANGONeT.
Editor, editor@sangonet.org.za

Rwanda’s Kagame takes on journalist via Twitter

British journalist Ian Birrell got into a spirited exchange with Rwandan President Paul Kagame on Twitter yesterday. Rwanda’s Minister of Foreign Affairs & Cooperation Louise Mushikiwabo also joined the discussion. Below is their exchange.

Birrell: No-one in media, UN or human rights groups has the moral right to criticise me, says despotic & deluded Paul Kagame. Kagame refused to even answer if he is a religious believer. When asked, he replied ‘Yes and no.’

Kagame: Not you either. No moral right! You give yourself the right to abuse people and judge them like you are the one to decide and determine universally what is right or wrong and what should be believed or not! Wrong your are. You have no such right.

Birrell: Fail to see why you think I have no moral right to offer criticism and opinions. Please explain further. And once more, please explain how and why I ‘just pretend’. Although aware of what happens with regard to press freedom and those who criticise you in Rwanda.

Kagame: Ask Rwandans they will tell you I am not what you call me and I am sure they are not what you think they are. You have no basis for your comments and you don’t know what you are talking about me or Rwanda. I will only hold all that in contempt!

Birrell: Plenty of evidence and your statement that no-one in media, UN or human rights groups can criticise you underlines the point. Presume this is why you dislike human rights groups.

Kagame: Africa - Rwanda will need Africans to work in the lead and in concert with others globally who are genuine to put things right not the likes of you who just pretend!

Birrell: You clearly stated no media, human rights group or the UN had moral right to criticise you, this is despotic and delusional.

Kagame: You did not offer any explanation yourself why you would refer to me as despotic and delusional. Did you just want people to believe it? You were actually just insulting!

Birrell: You are avoiding the point. Please answer why you think media, UN and human rights groups have no right to criticise you.

Kagame: Why did you think I didn’t have a right to my argument with the journalist of FT with whom I outlined that argument? Is that all you know about Rwanda? No need to explain to you anything? Ask your own government/leaders to explain to you those same things.

Birrell: How is there accountability when you shut down papers and prevent rivals from standing in elections?

Kagame: In Rwanda, we hold ourselves and each accountable indeed to a high level and even deal with criticism honestly, openly and fairly!

Birrell: And you still have not answered why you think media, UN and human rights groups have no right to criticise you. Please answer. Also I know of people living in fear of their lives for daring to criticise you. And with good reason.

Kagame: No, the point underlined is that while some in UN, Human rights groups and media criticise, they are not without serious flaws!

Birrell: Sorry, you clearly stated media, human rights groups and UN have no moral right to criticise you. Not first time you’ve said it. So if media can criticize why do you clamp down on press freedom in your country?

Kagame: That have to be questioned more often than not and don’t seem to like it. Probably you don’t yourself. It was those that were being referred to.

Birrell: It is great engaging with a critic like me on Twitter. Just shame he doesn’t allow such debate in Rwanda with his own people.

Birrell and Mushikiwabo
Mushikiwabo: How I wish the simple logic of “despots cannot produce content, hopeful, and upbeat people” would prevail on Ian. Guess too wishful. Would you care to know what 11,000,000 Rwandans think of Paul Kagame before you spread your formed opinion? Too big a challenge for you?

Birrell: Had to gauge opinions of Rwandans when government clamps down on media, closes papers and silences opponents.

Mushikiwabo: How wish the simple logic of “despots cannot produce content, hopeful, and upbeat people” would prevail on Ian. Too wishful!

Birrell: Don’t understand last tweet but notice you are not engaging with arguments like your boss.
Mushikiwabo : Ian what is so complicated? You can critic but you have no “moral” right. Paul Kagame saved lives, built country and gave hope.

Birrell: So no media, UN or human rights group has any moral right to criticise? Please explain why that is. You talk of saved lives. What about all those millions killed in Congo? The UN report from last year into brutality in DR Congo.

Mushikiwabo: Measure voter turn out and vote, Gallup poll, watch him with crowds, talk back Radio Rwanda, etc

Birrell: Vote marred by harassment and intimidation of rivals, independent journalists and critics.
Mushikiwabo: I know Rwandans have dealt with the likes of Ian for many years now. They keep the guess wrong and we keep advance.

Birrell: You have consistently failed to answer my points.
Mushikiwabo: Ian, have you ever heard of Rwanda National Dialogue? Are you familiar with Rwanda president’s monthly press conference? Paul Kagame is too secure to fear critics at home.

Birrell: If so secure, no fear of critics, why silence rivals and shut down media?

Mushikiwabo: Papers associate with criminality. No place in Rwanda. Start by understanding what is print then we talk political rivals most welcome, ethnic bigots and genocide ideologues. Rwanda no go zone. Good question. No rivals because not same league.

Monday 16 May 2011

Abbas orders amendment to 'honor killing' law

RAMALLAH (Ma'an) -- President Mahmoud Abbas has directed the judiciary to award the "utmost punishment" to perpetrators of honor killings, his secretary-general said Friday.

The announcement was made during a talk show on satellite channel Palestine TV to discuss the murder of 20-year-old Ayah Barad'iyya by her uncle.

Abbas' secretary-general At-Tayyib Abdul-Rahim telephoned the presenter and announced on air that the president had ordered a legal amendment to end leniency in courts for men who kill to protect "family honor."

Director of Ma'an Network's TV department and women's rights activist Nahid Abu T'eima participated in the talk show. She had been campaigning for an amendment to the law, and burst into tears on air when she heard the announcement.

"This is a historical accomplishment to amend the 1960 penal law which belongs to the dark ages. Ma'an News Agency's coverage has helped amend that law which human right groups have been trying to change for 15 years," said Abu T'eima.

A live transmission from Surif village, where Ayah Barad'iyya was drowned by her uncle in April 2010, showed thousands of residents applauding the decision. Many also burst into tears.

The university student's body was found earlier this month in a deserted well three kilometers from her home in Surif, over a year after she was killed.

Her uncle confessed to police that he had tied her up and drowned her, with the help of three friends, because he disapproved of a marriage proposal she had been offered.

Honor killings and the law

Some Jordanian laws passed between 1948 and 1967 still operate in the West Bank. A Jordanian penal code from 1960, which commutes sentences for men who kill or attack female relatives accused or suspected of "dishonoring" their families, has never been repealed by the Palestinian Legislative Council.

The PLC has been defunct since 2007 -- following the internal Palestinian division -- but rights groups have requested the penal code's repeal by presidential decree.

In 2009, Abbas promised to change the law by International Women's Day in 2010, but the reforms were never made.

The Palestinian Centre for Human Rights has noted that men have been granted "relative impunity" in the occupied territories when murdering in the name of honor.

Ma'an News

Uganda gay death penalty -- we won!!

Dear friends,

It was down to the wire -- religious extremists tried to push the bill through on Wednesday, and then convened an unprecedented emergency session of Parliament on Friday. But each time, within hours, we reacted. A huge congratulations to everyone who signed, called, forwarded and donated to this campaign -- with our help, thousands of innocent people in Uganda's gay community do not wake up this morning facing execution for whom they chose to love.

Frank Mugisha, a courageous leader of the gay community in Uganda sent us this message:

"Brave Ugandan LGBT activists and millions of people around the world have stood together and faced down this horrendous anti-homosexuality bill.The support from the Avaaz global community has tipped the scales to prevent this Bill going forward. Global solidarity has made a huge difference."

The EU High Representative for Foreign Affairs' Office also wrote to Avaaz:

"Many thanks. As you know, thanks to a very large extent to the intensive lobbying and combined effort of you, other civil society representatives, EU and other governments, plus our delegation and embassies on the ground the Bill was not presented to the Parliament this morning."

This fight is not over. The extremists behind this bill could try again within just 18 months. But this is the second time we've helped defeat this bill, and we'll keep going until the hate-mongers give up.

Transforming the deeper causes of ignorance and hatred behind homophobia is an historic, long term struggle, one of the great causes of our generation. But Uganda has become a front line in that struggle, and a powerful symbol. The victory there echoes across many other places where hope is desperately needed, showing that kindness, love, tolerance and respect can defeat hatred and ignorance. Again, a huge thanks to all who made it happen.

With enormous gratitude and admiration for this amazing community,

Ricken, Emma, Iain, Alice, Giulia, Saloni and the whole Avaaz team.

Media highlights:

Anti-gay bill shelved:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13392723

Avaaz's response to the outcome in the Guardian:
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/may/13/uganda-anti-gay-bill-shelved

Ugandan President did not back bill because of "criticism of human rights groups":
http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/n/a/2011/05/13/international/i042638D37.DTL

Anti-gay bill delayed amid outcry:
http://www.news24.com/Africa/News/Uganda-shelves-anti-gay-bill-20110513

Uganda's "kill the gays" bill defeated:
http://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJOE74C0HP20110513

Support the Avaaz community! We're entirely funded by donations and receive no money from governments or corporations. Our dedicated team ensures even the smallest contributions go a long way -- donate here.

Avaaz.org is an 8-million-person global campaign network that works to ensure that the views and values of the world's people shape global decision-making. ("Avaaz" means "voice" or "song" in many languages.) Avaaz members live in every nation of the world; our team is spread across 13 countries on 4 continents and operates in 14 languages. Learn about some of Avaaz's biggest campaigns here, or follow us on Facebook or Twitter.

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Friday 13 May 2011

Global Activist Events and Schedules: For more info on the events, Google Event Titles

may 21-22
Mobilizations against the G8/G20 Meeting in Le Havre

August

August 11
Congress of OCLAE

October

october 3
World Campaign for the Right to Habitat

october 12
Day of Global Action against Capitalism
Still in this month: International Conference on the impact of the North-American invasion in Iraq

December

December 18
Day of global action against racism, for the rights and dignity of migrants and refugees

2012

May
Mobilizations around Rio+20

Octuber 01st
World Campaign for the Right to Habitat

And also:

World Forum of Free and Alternative Media
Solidarity Forum to Palestine
International Week of Local Social Forums
World Thematic Forum of Culture and Education for Transformation

Agenda

2011

Event: Global Action Week: For an education free from discrimination
Date: May 2-8
Contact: 55 11 3159 - 1243 e 8793 - 7711 / sam@campanhaeducacao.org.br
Website: www.campanhaeducacao.org.br

Event: Global Action Week: Right of Girls and Women to Education
Date: April and may
Contact: coalicioneducacion.col@gmail.com
Website: www.derechoalaeducacion.com

Event: WSF International Council meeting
Location: Paris (France)
Date: May 25-27

Event: ICAE Assembly
Location: Malmö, Sweden
Date: June 14-17
Contact: secretariat@icae.org.uy / matsehn@folkbildning.net
Website: www.aworldworthlivingin.se

Event: 6th Ibero-American Meeting of the School Research and Renewal Network – Argentina
Location: Argentina
Date: June 17-22
Website: www.redires.net

Event: March of the Daisies
Location: Brasília, Brazil
Date: August 16-17
Website: www.sof.org.br/marcha/

Event: Bas Saint-Laurent Social Forum
Location: Bas Saint-Laurent (Canada)
Date: September 29th to October 2nd
Website: www.forumsocialbaslaurentien.org

Event: São Paulo Social Forum
Location: São Paulo (Brazil)
Date: September
Contact: fssp2011@gmail.com
Website: http://forumsocialsp.org.br/

Event: Social and Solidarity Economy International Forum
Location: Quebec (Canada)
Date: October 17-20
Contact: Émilien Gruet: emilien.gruet@chantier.qc.ca / Béatrice Alain: beatrice.alain@chantier.qc.ca (program)
Website: www.fiess2011.org/en/

2012

Event: Free Music International Festival
Location: Porto Alegre (Brazil)
Contact: 55 11 8699 – 6683 (Gustavo Anitelli) / 55 51 9104 – 7759 (Richard Serraria)
Website: http://musicaparabaixar.org.br/

Event: 6th Pan-Amazon Forum
Location: Cobija (Bolivia)
Contact: 55 93 3522 6852 / contato@forumsocialpanamazonico.org
Website: www.forumsocialpanamazonico.org